TAJWEED COURSE LECTURE NOTES. LECTURE 12- Tafkheem And Tarqeeq
التَّفْخِيمُ وَالتَّرْقِيقُ
Full Mouth and Empty Mouth Letters
Table of Contents
What Is Tafkheem And Tarqeeq
Tafkheem And Tarqeeq Meaning
Tafkheem Meaning
Tarqeeq Meaning
Tafkheem and Tarqeeq Letters
Examples of Tafkheem And Tarqeeq of Raa
Tafkheem and Tarqeeq Mechanism
Practical Examples of Tafkheem and Tarqeeq Letters
What Is Tafkheem And Tarqeeq?
"Al Tafkhjeem wal Tarqeeq" are essential rules in the Islamic science of Tajweed (the art of Quranic recitation), governing the pronunciation of Arabic letters as either "heavy" (thick) or "light" (thin).
Since these ideas dictate how specific letters should be spoken, understanding them is necessary for correctly reciting the Quran.
Key Takeaways
Tafkheem and Tarqeeq are vital parts of Tajweed, the Islamic science of reciting the Quran right.
Tafkheem is about saying certain letters with a ‘Heavy’ sound. Tarqeeq is about saying them with a ‘Light’ sound.
Knowing how to pronounce Tafkheem and Tarqeeq is key for clear and beautiful Quran recitation.
Learning Tafkheem and Tarqeeq can make you better at Tajweed Quran.
What is Tafkheem?
Tafkheem Meaning(FULL MOUTH, THICKNESS, HEAVINESS)
The literal meaning of Tafkheem (تفخيم) is “making something thick” or “heaviness.” Tafkheem, as used in Quranic recitation, describes how some letters become thicker or heavier, producing a deep, resonant sound. Tafkheem produces a stronger, more intense sound when a letter is uttered because it raises the back of the tongue to the roof of the mouth.
It is the thickening of the voice and closing of the mouth when any of the letters are pronounced.
WHAT IS TARQEEQ?
Tarqeeq Meaning(EMPTY MOUTH,THINESS, LIGHTNESS)
In contrast, Tarqeeq (ترقيق) implies “making something thin” or “lightness.” Tarqeeq, as used in Tajweed, describes how some letters are thinned or lightened to produce a softer, lighter sound. The tongue stays lower when pronouncing a letter with Tarqeeq, producing a lighter, more distinct sound.
Empty Mouth: It is emptiness in the voice and openness of the mouth when any of the letters are pronounced.
Since improper use of Tafkheem or Tarqeeq can change the meaning of words, it is essential to understand and use these two ideas correctly in order to preserve the Qur’anic eloquence and meaning.
Tafkheem Letters
There are “7 Tafkheem Letters” that are always pronounced with Tafkheem are known as “Mufakham” (Heavy) Letters. These “7 Tafkheem Letters” are known as the Istia’la (استعلاء) letters because they require the back of the tongue to rise toward the roof of the mouth when pronounced.
In Tajweed, seven letters are always pronounced with Tafkheem, which means they have a heaviness or fullness in their pronunciation. These letters are crucial for accurate Quran recitation:
خ (Kha): Pronounced like a strong “kh” sound, this letter is always heavy, no matter where it appears in a word.
غ (Ghayn): This letter produces a deep “gh” sound and is consistently heavy in pronunciation.
ص (Sad): Pronounced as a strong “s” sound, Sad is always heavy and adds weight to the pronunciation.
ض (Dhaad): Similar to Sad but with a heavier emphasis, Dhaad creates a resonating sound in the mouth.
ط (Ta): One of the strongest Tafkheem letters, Ta is pronounced with significant force and heaviness.
ظ (Dha): Similar to Dhaad but slightly weaker in strength, Dha also carries a heavy sound.
ق (Qaf): Qaf produces a deep “q” sound and is consistently heavy, contributing to the resonance in pronunciation.
There are “7 Tafkheem Letters” that are always pronounced with Tafkheem are known as “Mufakham” (Heavy) Letters. These “7 Tafkheem Letters” are known as the Istia’la (استعلاء) letters because they require the back of the tongue to rise toward the roof of the mouth when pronounced.
In Tajweed, seven letters are always pronounced with Tafkheem, which means they have a heaviness or fullness in their pronunciation. These letters are crucial for accurate Quran recitation:
خ (Kha): Pronounced like a strong “kh” sound, this letter is always heavy, no matter where it appears in a word.
غ (Ghayn): This letter produces a deep “gh” sound and is consistently heavy in pronunciation.
ص (Sad): Pronounced as a strong “s” sound, Sad is always heavy and adds weight to the pronunciation.
ض (Dhaad): Similar to Sad but with a heavier emphasis, Dhaad creates a resonating sound in the mouth.
ط (Ta): One of the strongest Tafkheem letters, Ta is pronounced with significant force and heaviness.
ظ (Dha): Similar to Dhaad but slightly weaker in strength, Dha also carries a heavy sound.
ق (Qaf): Qaf produces a deep “q” sound and is consistently heavy, contributing to the resonance in pronunciation.
Full Mouth letters: خ , ص , ض , ط , ظ , غ , ق
They are collected in the phrase:
خُصَّ – ضَغْطٍ – قِظْ
Tarqeeq Letters
Thers are “20 Tarqeeq Letters“ as all of the Arabic Alphabets are Tarqqeq Letters with the exception of 7 Tafkheem Letters.
In Tajweed, most Arabic letters are considered Tarqeeq Letters, known for their light sound quality. To recognize them, we exclude Tafkheem letters (ط – ض- ص – ظ – غ – خ) and those that can be light or heavy (ر- ل – ا).
These Tarqeeq Letters always follow the rule of lightness, meaning they should sound light when pronounced. However, three exceptions exist (ا – ل – ر), which can sometimes sound heavy.
Empty Mouth letters: The rest of the letters after taking out the full mouth letters and Alif (أ), Laam (ل) and Raa (ر) (as they are full mouth and empty mouth and they have their own set of rules).
ب , ت , ث , ج , ح , د , ذ , ز , س , ش , ع , ف , ك , ل , م , ن , و , ه , ء , ي
Let’s delve into examples of Tarqeeq Letters:
Taa (ت): In the phrase “إِنَّهُ كَانَ تَوَّابًا” (Inna Hu Kaana Tawwaban), the letter Taa (ت) is pronounced lightly.
Seen (س): In “رَبِّ السَّمَاوَاتِ وَالأَرْضِ وَمَا بَيْنَهُمَا الرَّحْمَنِ” (Rabbi As-Samawati Wal-Ardi Wa Ma Baynahuma Ar-Rahman), Seen (س) is another example of a Tarqeeq Letter.
Meem (م): Look at “الرَّحْمَٰنُ عَلَّمَ الْقُرْآنَ” (Ar-Rahmanu ‘Allama Al-Qur’an) to hear the light sound of Meem (م).
THE EXCEPTOINAL CASES IN TAFKHEEM AND TARQEEQ
There are three (3) letters that can either be recited as Tafkheem or tarqeeq depending on the situation where they found themselves. These letters are Alif (ا), Laam (ل) and Raa (ر)
♦ The rules of the letter Alif (ا): It follows whatever letter comes before it (Full Mouth or Empty Mouth).
– If an Alif comes after a Full Mouth letter it will also be pronounced with a Full Mouth, for example;
خَافَ – صَالَ – ضَاقَتْ – غَافِرِ – طَابَ – قَالَ – ظَالِمٌ
– If an Alif comes after an Empty Mouth letter it will also be pronounced with an Empty Mouth, for example;
سَآءَ – مَآءَ – أَفَآءَ – عَادَ – يَشَآءَ – جَآءَ – وَتَابَ – دَارَ
♦ The rules of the letter Laam (ل): It is originally always pronounced with an empty mouth whether it has a Fatha, Kasra or Dhamma. It is only pronounced with a full mouth in the Majestic Word Allah.
The Laam in the Majestic Word ‘Allah’
The Laam will be pronounced with a Full Mouth in the following;
– If it is preceded by a Fatha; تَاللهِ – وَاللهُ – فَإِنَّ اللهَ – قَلَ اَللهُ
– If it is preceded by a Dhamma; رَسُولُ اللهِ – يَعْلَمُ الله – إِنّىِ عَبْدُ اللهِ
The Laam will be pronounced with an Empty Mouth in the following:
– If it is preceded by a Kasra; قُلِ اللَّهُمَّ – فِي دِينِ اللهِ – بِاسْمِ اللهِ – بِاللهِ
- if it is preceeded by yaa sukuun
3. Tafkheem And Tarqeeq Of Letter Raa (ر)
The letter Raa (ر) is heavy (Mufakham) or light (Muraqqaq) depending on where it is placed and what letters it is surrounded by. Understanding these rules is crucial for proper Tajweed and recitation of the Quran.
Therefore, the letter ra’ (ر) has many rules to be either heavy (mufakham) or light (muraqaq) but can be summarized into the following:
A. Five Cases When The Letter Raa (ر) Is Pronounced With Tafkheem (Heavy Sound). The letter Raa (ر) is pronounced with Tafkheem (a heavy sound) in specific cases based on its vowel and surrounding letters. Below are five key scenarios where Raa remains heavy in recitation
1. When the ra’ (ر)carries a fatha or dammah, examples are as follows:
رَسُولُ اللهِ: the ra’ (ر) carries a fatha.
“فَعَقَرُوهَا: the ra’ (ر) carries a dammah.
2. When the ra’ (ر)carries a sukun and the letter before it carries a fatha or dammah, examples are as follows:
“وَالأرْضِ وَمَا طَحَاهَا”
“حَتَّىٰ زُرْتُمُ الْمَقَابِرَ”
3. When the ra’ (ر) carries a sukun, the letter before it carries a kasrah, and the letter after the ra’ (ر)is heavy and doesn’t carry a kasrah, example is as follows:
“إِنَّ جَهَنَّمَ كَانَتْ مِرْصَادًا”
“وَلَوْ نَزَّلْنَا عَلَيْكَ كِتَابًا فِي قِرْطَاسٍ”
4. When the ra’ (ر) carries a sukun and the letter before it carries a ‘helping’ kasrah (not a real kasrah), example is as follows:
“ارْجِعِي إِلَى رَبِّكِ”
5. When the ra’ (ر) carries a sukun as a result of wanting to stop (therefore not a real sukun), and the letter before it is not a ya’ (ي) and carries a sukun, and the letter before that has either a fatha or dammah, examples are as follows:
“وَالْعَصْرِ”: the letter before that has a fatha.
“خُسْرٍ”: the letter before that has a dammah.
B. Four Cases When The Letter Raa (ر) Is Pronounced With Tarqeeq (Light Sound)
The letter Raa (ر) is pronounced with Tarqeeq (a light sound) in specific cases based on its vowel and surrounding letters. Below are four key scenarios where Raa remains light in recitation.
1. When the ra’ (ر)carries a kasrah h, examples are as follows:
وَبُرِّزَتِ الْجَحِيمُ لِلْغَاوِينَ
لِكُلِّ امْرِئٍ مِّنْهُمْ يَوْمَئِذٍ شَأْنٌ يُغْنِيهِ
2. When the ra’ (ر) carries a sukun and the letter before it carries an original kasrah in the same word and a heavy letter doesn’t follow it, example is as follows:
اذهبا إلى فرعون إنه طغى
3. When the ra’ (ر) carries a sukun (as a result of stopping, either in the middle or end of an ayah) and the letter before it is a ya (ي) (elongated or otherwise) and the carries a ya (ي) sukun, examples are as follows:
ذَٰلِكَ الْفَوْزُ الْكَبِير
يَوْمَئِذٍ لَّخَبِيرٌ
4. When the ra’ (ر) carries a sukun (due to stopping either in the middle or end of an ayah), and the letter before it is a light letter which carries a sukun, and the letter before this carries a kasrah h, example is as follows:
هَلْ فِي ذَلِكَ قَسَمٌ لِذِي حِجْرٍ
Common Mistakes In Tafkheem And Tarqeeq
Many learners struggle with properly applying Tafkheem (heaviness) and Tarqeeq (lightness) in Tajweed. Some of the most common mistakes include:
Over-stressing light letters: Certain reciters inappropriately use heaviness for naturally light letters, i.e., pronouncing “ب” (ba) or “ت” (ta) thick.
Under-emphasizing heavy letters: Heavy letters like “ط” (ṭa) or “ق” (qaf) need to be read with depth, but they are weakened by some reciters and lose their unique sound.
Mispronunciation of “ر” (raa): The letter Raa (ر) is regulated by many rules, and one of the most prevalent mistakes is to pronounce it heavy where it should be light or light where it should be heavy.
Abuse of Laam (ل) in “Allah” (الله): The Laam (ل) in Allah changes with the vowel that comes before it, but the majority of students misapply one rule to all situations.
Practical Tips For Mastering Tafkheem And Tarqeeq
Practicing Tafkheem and Tarqeeq on a regular basis, as well as with precision, is necessary. Following are some effective tips for improving pronunciation:
1. Listen to expert Qaris: Listening to professional reciters on a regular basis gives a natural feeling of heaviness and lightness while pronouncing.
2. Recite slowly and with clarity: Pronouncing quickly may result in mispronunciation. Reciting slowly guarantees every letter is properly pronounced.
3. Practice with a tutor: Instructions from a suitable Tajweed teacher provide instant feedback and correction.
4. Break down words into individual components: When a word is challenging, try breaking down individual letters first and then join them.
5. Recite and hear your own recitation: Your own recitation is sometimes enough to pick up mistakes and work areas.
6. Listen to vowel effect: Identifying the place of vowels in Tafkheem and Tarqeeq is key to correct pronunciation.
By regularly practicing these techniques, students can master Tajweed and beautify as well as perfect their Quran recitation.
Common Mistakes and How to Avoid it!
When it comes to differentiating between Tafkheem and Tarqeeq, many students, especially novices, make mistakes, especially when dealing with letters like Ra and Lam that might possess both qualities. Here are some typical blunders and how to steer clear of them:
1. Misapplying Tarqeeq letters with Tafkheem:
Mistake: Heavily pronouncing light characters like Taa (ت) or Baa (ب).
Solution: Get a clear grasp of how each letter should be spoken by practicing with an instructor.
2. Tafkheem letters that are overly lightened:
Mistake: Speaking too lightly when pronouncing heavy letters like Saad (ص) or Qaaf (ق).
Solution: Practice the correct articulation points and concentrate on lifting the rear of the tongue.
3. Making Ra and Lam’s circumstances unclear:
Mistake: Using the incorrect vowel sound to pronounce Ra or Lam.
Solution: Rehearse the right pronunciation of these letters while being guided by the rules you have learned.
The Importance Of Tafkheem And Tarqeeq In Tajweed
Tajweed is one of the sciences that every Muslim must learn and take care of, due to its attachment to a worship that is required of every single individual, which is reading the Holy Qur’an.
Tafkheem (heaviness) and Tarqeeq (lightness) are crucial in Tajweed because they affect the clarity, beauty, and correctness of Quranic recitation. Mispronouncing these sounds can alter meanings, making proper application essential for every recite.
Conclusion:
Tafkheem (heaviness) and Tarqeeq (lightness) are fundamental Tajweed rules that ensure proper recitation of Arabic alphabets and preserve the balance and accuracy of Quranic recitation. Most of the alphabets adhere to predetermined specifications, but letters like Alif (ا), Laam (ل), and Raa (ر) require special attention based on their surrounding letters and vowels.
Practice of these rules avoids mistakes, improves fluency of recitation, and in general, enhances the standard of recitation. Students can make their articulation smoother and their bond with the Quran tighter through earnest practice, learning from practicing reciters, and guidance from skilled trainers.
So: “Oh God, make the Great Qur’an the healing of our chests and the removal of our worries and sorrows, and remind us of it that we have forgotten, and teach us of it what we are ignorant of, and grant us its recitation during the hours of the night and the ends of the day”. May Allah grant us the ability to recite His words correctly and with sincerity, making the Quran a source of light and guidance in our lives.
Please fell free to ask any questions for clarification. wassalamu alaikum wa rahmatullahi wa barakaatuhu
TAJWEED COURSE LECTURE NOTES. LECTURE 11- RULES OF MIIM SAAKINA, PART 3
3) Al-Ith’har As-Shafawi الإِظْهَار الشَّفَوِي
All the letters after taking out the letter Baa (from Ikhfaa’ As-Shafawi) and the letter Meem (from Idghaam Al-Mithlayn) are the letters of Ith’har As-Shafawi and they are 26.
So if any of the 26 letters appear after Meem As-Sakinah in one word or in two words, it will be read with Ith’har.
Take into account at the place of Meem As-Sakinah with the letter Waw (و) and Faa (ف) to emphasize the Meem so as not to confuse the listener that one may have recited it, like reciting when there is the letter Baa.
So if any of the 26 letters appear after Meem As-Sakinah in one word or in two words, it will be read with Ith’har.
Take into account at the place of Meem As-Sakinah with the letter Waw (و) and Faa (ف) to emphasize the Meem so as not to confuse the listener that one may have recited it, like reciting when there is the letter Baa.
Key Notes:
The sound of the Meem Saakin should be clear and distinct.
Izhar Shafawi applies when Meem Saakin is followed by any letter other than Baa or Meem.
The sound of the Meem Saakin should be clear and distinct.
Izhar Shafawi applies when Meem Saakin is followed by any letter other than Baa or Meem.
Importance of Understanding Ahkam Meem Sakinah
Anybody who wants to recite the Quran correctly must learn the Meem Saakin guidelines. It guarantees that the recitation adheres to Tajweed’s principles and is both attractive and correct. Understanding these guidelines will help you with the following:
Better Pronunciation: By following to the guidelines, articulation is enhanced and the Meem is pronounced correctly in relation to the next letters.
Improved Recitation: A thorough understanding of Tajweed, which includes Meem Saakin’s guidelines, promotes the recitation’s beauty and spiritual elevation.
Error Avoidance: Those who are unfamiliar with Tajweed may find it difficult to avoid typical recitation errors if the guidelines are not applied correctly.
Greater Connection with the Quran: Gaining an appreciation for Meem Saakin’s depths enhances one’s relationship with the Quran’s words and promotes paying attention when reciting them.
Conclusion
At ONLINE QURAN, we believe that every Muslim should make it a goal to understand the Meem Saakin (Ahkam Meem Sakinah) principles, which are a vital part of Quranic recitation. Tajweed teaches that the letter Meem must be recited precisely, whether by Ikhfaa Shafawi (lip concealment), Idgham Shafawi (lip assimilation), or Izhar Shafawi (lip clarification). Gaining proficiency in these guidelines improves the reciter’s spiritual experience and brings them closer to the Quran’s beauty.
This is the end of the topic MEEM SAAKINA RULES
Please feel free to ask any questions in the comment section.
TAJWEED COURSE LECTURE NOTES. LECTURE 10- RULES OF MIIM SAAKINA, PART 2
Idgham Shafawi (إِدْغَام شَفَوِي)
Idgham Shafawi defines “lip assimilation.” When one Meem Saakin is followed by another Meem (م). this rule is true. “Shafawi” means the lips, while “Idgham” signifies “merging” or “assimilation.” The two Meems are combined into one under this rule, and the nasal sound (ghunnah) is prolonged.
TAJWEED COURSE LECTURE NOTES. LECTURE 9- RULES OF MIIM SAAKINA, PART 1
Table of contents
1. What is Meem Saakin?
2. Three Main Rules of Meem Saakin
3. Ikhfaa Shafawi (إِخْفَاء شَفَوِي)
4. Idgham Shafawi (إِدْغَام شَفَوِي)
5. Izhar Shafawi (إِظْهَار شَفَوِي)
6. Importance of Understanding Ahkam Meem Sakinah
7. Conclusion
Meem Sakinah, also known as Meem Saakin (مّيمْ سَاكّنَة), is one of the crucial Tajweed guidelines for Quran reciting. Acquiring proficiency in these guidelines is necessary for accurate pronunciation, beauty, and avoiding errors when reciting the Quran. The Arabic letter “Meem” (م) may sometimes be seen with Sukun (ْ),meaning that it is silent in certain contexts or pronounced without a vowel. Accurate articulation during the Quran recitation is ensured by familiarity with the Ahkam Meem Sakinah, or the rules of quiet meem.
1. WHAT IS MEEN SAKINA?
Meem Saakin (مّيمْ سَاكِنَة) is the name for the letter “Meem” that appears without a vowel after it and bears a sukoon (ْ). There are specific recitation rules that apply when it appears within a word or in between two words. Respecting the Tajweed rules and pronouncing words correctly requires following these guidelines.
WHAT ARE THE THREE MAIN RULES OF MEEM SAAKINA?
- Ikhfaa Shafawi (إِخْفَاء شَفَوِي)
- Idgham Shafawi (إِدْغَام شَفَوِي)
- Izhar Shafawi (إِظْهَار شَفَوِي)
These terms may sound complex, but they refer to specific interactions between letters when reciting Meem Saakin. Let’s explore each of these in detail.
Ikhfaa Shafawi (إِخْفَاء شَفَوِي)
Meaning: Ikhfaa Shafawi means to “lip concealment.” It happens when the letter Baa (ب) comes after the letter Meem Saakin. “Shafawi” refers to the lips, while “Ikhfaa” means to “conceal” or “hide.” This rule involves the meem sound being hidden in part and softly mixed with the Baa sound, but not entirely accepted.
How to Pronounce: The meem in Ikhfaa Shafawi is “hidden” as it smoothly transitions into the letter Baa. It is spoken with a small nasal sound that comes from the lips. As a result, a combination of noises known as a ghunnah, or nasal sound, is produced. This sound should continue for two beats, or harakaat.
The sound will be similar to the sound of Iqlaab in Nûn As-Saakinah. However here you will need to leave a small gap between the lips.
WHY DO WE APPLY THE IKHFAA SHAFAWEE RULE?
Examples of Ikhfaa’ (As-Shafawi)
HOW DO WE IDENTIFY IKHFAA SHAFAWIYY?
Alhamdulillah. This is where we gonna stop and continue in our next class in shaa Allah.
May Allah accept from us and make it easy for us to understand
TAJWEED COURSE LECTURE NOTES. LECTURE 8. NUUN SAAKIN & TANWIIN, IQLAB & IKHFAA
3. Iqlaab
Iqlaab is a rule of Tajweed, the science of correct Quranic recitation. The term literally means "to convert" or "to turn over," and it refers to the process of converting the sound of a silent noon (نْ) or tanween into a light meem (م) sound.
The rule of Iqlaab
The rule is applied when a noon saakinah (a silent noon, نْ) or a tanween (the sound of noon at the end of a word, ـًـٍـٌ) is followed by the single letter of Iqlaab: baa (ب).
The noon or tanween sound is not pronounced as written.
Instead, it is converted into a meem (م) sound.
This is accompanied by a nasal sound, known as ghunnah, that is held for two beats.
HOW DO YOU IDENTIFY AL-IQLAB?
Examples of Iqlaab
This rule can occur within a single word or across two separate words.
Within one word
أَنبِئْهُم (an-bi'hum) becomes أَمْبِئْهُم (am-bi'hum).
لَيُنْبَذَنَّ (layun-bazanna) becomes لَيُمْبَذَنَّ (layum-bazanna).
Across two words
مِن بَعْدِ (min baʿdi) becomes مِمْ بَعْدِ (mim baʿdi).
عَلِيمٌ بِذَاتِ (ʿaleemun bi-dhaati) becomes عَلِيمُمْ بِذَاتِ (ʿaleemum bi-dhaati).
Ikhfaa is an Arabic word meaning "concealment" or "hiding" and is a rule in the field of Tajweed for reciting the Quran. It describes a specific way of pronouncing the sounds of noon Sakinah (\(\)) or tanween (\(\)) by partially hiding the "n" sound while maintaining a nasal sound (ghunnah) for a duration of two counts. This rule is applied when the noon or tanween is followed by one of 15 specific letters
to apply the ikhfaa rule:
How it works
Pronunciation: The sound of the 'n' is concealed, blending into the next letter with a nasal sound (ghunnah).
Blending: It is a middle-ground between full pronunciation (izhar) and complete merging (idgham).
Duration: The ghunnah is typically held for two counts.
Key point: The tongue does not fully touch the hard palate when producing the sound; it remains slightly ba
Let's go through this page and learn and exemplify the rule of IKHFAA
Alhamdulillah. We have come to the end if Nuun Saakina wa Tanween.
TAJWEED COURSE LECTURE NOTES. LECTURE 7. NUUN SAAKIN & TANWIIN, IDGHAM
2.IDGAAM الادغام
In this case, Noon sakin or tanween is merged into the letter it follows, so they become one letter. The case is applied when they have followed those specific letters ( ي ، ر، م، ل، و، ن) and they have only 2 types.
JUSTIFICATION OF IDGAAM
This is to justify your saying that a certain rule is IDGAAM.
So after identifying your necessary condition (NUUN SAAKINA OR TANWEEN) and your sufficient condition (any of the 6 letters of IDGAAM) then you can now conclude that, the term or rule is IDGAAM. This is how you say the justification.
So after identifying your necessary condition (NUUN SAAKINA OR TANWEEN) and your sufficient condition (any of the 6 letters of IDGAAM) then you can now conclude that, the term or rule is IDGAAM. This is how you say the justification.
Let's assume the the IDGAAM happens with nuun saakina, and the letter involved is م , so you say it is Nuun saakina and the rule is COMPLETE IDGAM, because م follows it and م is a letter of COMPLETE IDGAMM
This is where we will end our lesson and I ask Allah to forgive me with the mistakes I might have committed during the presentation.
TAJWEED COURSE LECTURE NOTES. LECTURE 6- Nuun saakina and Tanween
In the name of Alla, the Mosr gracious, the Most Merciful.
All praise be to Allah, the Lord of the worlds and praise and blessings be upon the prophet Muhammad.
Table of Contents
* What Is Noon Saakin?
* What’s Tanween?
* Difference Between Noon Saakin and Tanween
* How Many Rules are There in Nun Sakinah and Tanwin
* 4 Rules Of Noon Saakin And Tanween
* Izhar
* Idhgam
* Iqlab
* Ikhfaa
* Noon Saakin and Tanween rules in English
* Conclusion
What Is Noon Saakin?
Noon Saakinah refers to a specific rule in the Arabic language and Tajweed (the rules of Quran recitation). It involves the pronunciation of the letter Noon (ن) when it is followed by a diacritic mark known as Sukoon (ـْ).
For example, in the word “مَنْ” (), the Noon has Sukoon, indicating that’s a noon sakin. But in the word منَارة, the noon isn’t sakin because there is a fatha movement over it.
Noon sakin can be placed at the middle or the end of the word. For example the word أنْعمت or منْ يعمل .
Proper application of the Noon Saakinah rule is crucial in the correct recitation of the Quran. It ensures the accurate pronunciation of the letters and words, which is essential for maintaining the integrity and beauty of the Quran recitation.
What’s Tanween?
Tanween, also known as Nunation, is a diacritic mark in Arabic script that is used to indicate the sound of a short vowel (usually “an” or “in”) at the end of a noun or adjective. It is represented by two signs (movements) written above or below a letter.
Tanween is commonly used to mark the end of a noun or adjective that is indefinite or does not have a definite article (such as “a” or “the”) before it. It has three types: dumma, kasra, and fath
For example:
– كِتَابٌ (kitābun) a book
– بَيْتٍ (baytin) a house
– شَجَرَةٌ (shajaratun) – a tree
Difference Between Noon Saakin and Tanween
There are differences between noon saakin and tanween that we can wrap up at those points below
1. Noon Sakinah is an original letter from the Arabic alphabet, and Tanween is an additional movement (it’s not an Arabic letter)
2. Noun sakinah can be seen in writing and pronounced verbally, while tanween is noticed when pronounced but not in writing.
3. The noun sakinah is fixed in wasl and waqf, which means you should pronounce it if you decide to stop at this letter or continue recitation. However, the tanween is fixed in wasl without the waqf, meaning you don’t pronounce it when stopping at it.
4. Noon sakinah can be found in nouns, verbs, and letters, and tanween is only found in nouns, not verbs.
5. Noon sakinah can be found at the middle or the end of the word for example ينْزل or منْ while tanween is only fixed at the end of the word.
There are four rules of Nun Sakinah and Tanwin
1. Izhar: this rule applies when n Sakinah or Tanween is followed by any of the letters of Izhar *( (ء)، (هـ)، (ع)، (ح)، (غ)، (خ* ). In this case, the Nun Sakinah or Tanween is pronounced clearly with a clear sound .
2. Idgham: This rule applies when a Nun Sakinah or Tanween is followed by any of the letters of Idgam (ي، م *، و، ن، ر، ل)* . In this case, the Nun Sakinah or Tanween is pronounced with a slight nasal sound that can be extended to two counts (movements).
3. Iqlab: This rule applies when a Nun Sakinah or Tanween is followed by the letter Ba *(ب).* In this case, the Nun Sakinah or Tanween is changed to a Meem (م) sound.
4. Ikhfaa: This rule applies when a Nun Sakinah or Tanween is followed by any of the letters of Ikhfaa letters ( *( ص ذ ث ك ج ش ق س د ط ز ف ت ض ظ)* . In this case, the Nun Sakinah or Tanween is not pronounced individually but rather merged or assimilated with the sound of the following letter.
4. Rules Of Noon Saakin And Tanween
Here we will discuss each of those rules in detail
Here we will discuss each of those rules in detail
1. Izhar
Izhar in the Arabic language means clarity. In Izhar tajweed terminology, it refers to bringing letters out from their articulation point (Makhraj) without Ghunna.
It’s applied when Noon sakina and tanween are preceded by any of those letters ( ء, ه ، ع، غ، ح، خ).
Noon Saakin and Tanween Izhar examples in the Quran
Read all of those examples below to understand the rules with practical explanations from Quranic verses.
It’s applied when Noon sakina and tanween are preceded by any of those letters ( ء, ه ، ع، غ، ح، خ).
Noon Saakin and Tanween Izhar examples in the Quran
Read all of those examples below to understand the rules with practical explanations from Quranic verses.
When TANWEEN OR NUUN SAAKINA appears immediately after one of the above
letters, whether in one word or in between two words, then pronounce THE NUUN clearly
JUSTIFICATION OF IZHAAR
This is to justify your saying that a certain rule is IZHAAR.
So after identifying your necessary condition (NUUN SAAKINA OR TANWEEN) and your sufficient condition (any of the 6 letters of IZHAAR) then you can now conclude that, the term or rule is IZHAAR. This is is how you say the justification
Let's assume the the IZHAAR happens with nuun saakina, and the letter involved is غ, so you say
It is Nuun saakina and the rule is IZHAAR, because غ follows it and غ is a letter of Izhaar.
Let's listen to the audio below for the Arabic version.
So after identifying your necessary condition (NUUN SAAKINA OR TANWEEN) and your sufficient condition (any of the 6 letters of IZHAAR) then you can now conclude that, the term or rule is IZHAAR. This is is how you say the justification
Let's assume the the IZHAAR happens with nuun saakina, and the letter involved is غ, so you say
It is Nuun saakina and the rule is IZHAAR, because غ follows it and غ is a letter of Izhaar.
Let's listen to the audio below for the Arabic version.
TAJWEED COURSE LECTURE NOTES. LECTURE 5- MAKHARIJ HURUF(ARTICULATION POINTS OF THE QRQBIC ALPHABETS)
In the name of Alla, the Mosr gracious, the Most Merciful.
All praise be to Allah, the Lord of the worlds and praise and blessings be upon the prophet Muhammad
In a nutshell: Mastering Makhraj Al-Huruf, the articulation points of Arabic letters, is vital for non-native learners to pronounce Arabic correctly. Each letter originates from specific locations in the mouth, throat, or nasal passages, with 17 distinct makharij divided into five main areas.
When learning Arabic, one of the most important concepts that any student must understand is the makhraj of Arabic letters. But what exactly is “makhraj”? Simply put, the makharij refers to the articulation points of Arabic letters, or the exact location in your mouth, throat, or nasal passages where each letter originates.
Knowing these articulation points, or makharij, is essential for speaking Arabic correctly, especially when reciting the Quran or practicing tajweed (proper Quranic pronunciation).
I will walk you through the makharij of all Arabic letters and explain why understanding them is crucial for any serious student of the Arabic language.
I can confidently say that mastering makharij is the first step towards speaking Arabic like a native.
Table of Contents:
-Definition of Makhraj
-Definition of Makharij Al-Huruf
-Types Of Makharij Al-Huruf (Articulation points) of Arabic Letters
-How to Determine the Makhraj of a Letter
-Why Learning Makharij Matters?
-Understanding Makhraj vs. Sifaat al Horoof
-Best Way to Master Arabic Pronunciation
-Conclusion
Definition of Makhraj:
In Arabic, the word makhraj (مَخْرَج) literally means “exit” or “way out.” In the context of language, it refers to the specific place in the vocal tract where each letter’s sound is produced. The makhraj of a letter defines how it should be pronounced.
For example, some letters originate deep in the throat, while others come from the tip of the tongue or the lips.
To illustrate this, let’s take the letter “ع” (ʿayn). The makhraj of “ع” comes from the middle of the throat, where the vocal cords are tightened and the sound is squeezed out. Compare this with the letter “ب” (baa), which is pronounced by bringing both lips together. These two letters have completely different makharij, which is why they sound so different.
Mastering the makhraj of Arabic letters is critical for correct pronunciation, and without this knowledge, you may struggle to differentiate between similar-sounding letters.
Definition of Makharij Al-Huruf:
Makhraj Al-Huruf مخارج الحروف refers to the articulation points of Arabic letters, which are the specific locations in the mouth, throat, or nasal passages where each letter’s sound is produced.
Each letter has a distinct makhraj, such as the letter “ع” (ʿayn) originating from the middle of the throat, while “ب” (baa) is pronounced by bringing both lips together.
There are 17 main makharij categorized into five areas: the lips, throat, tongue, empty spaces in the mouth and throat, and the nasal cavity.
Types Of Makharij Al-Huruf (Articulation points) of Arabic Letters
There are 17 makharaj divided into five main areas. Let’s break down the articulation points of Arabic letters one by one:
1. Makhraj of the Lips (الشفتان)
2. Makhraj of the Throat (الحلق)
3. Makhraj of the Tongue (اللسان)
4. Al-Jawf (الجوف) – (The Empty Space in the Mouth and Throat)
5.5. Makhraj of the Nasal Cavity (الخيشوم)
Makhraj of the Lips (الشفتان)
There are letters that come from the lips, and these are easy for many beginners to master. The lips play a very clear role in the pronunciation of the following letters:
ب (b): The letter “B” comes when both lips touch together.
م (m): Like “B”, the lips close, but there’s a bit of air escaping through the nose.
و (w): When saying “w”, the lips are rounded but do not close.
ف (f): The sound of “F” is created when the bottom lip touches the upper teeth.
Example: بَيت (bayt)—meaning “house.”
2. Makhraj of the Throat (الحلق)*
There are 6 Arabic letters that come from the throat. For non-native speakers, these can be a bit tricky at first, but with practice, you will get them.
ء (hamza): This letter is pronounced from the deepest part of the throat, almost near the vocal cords.
ه (h): Like the English “H”, it comes from the same place as the hamza.
ع (ain) and ح (haa): These come from the middle of the throat. ع is especially unique to Arabic, and its sound is a bit like a deep growl.
غ (ghayn) and خ (khaa): These come from the upper part of the throat, near the mouth. غ is a rolling, gargling sound.
Example: غُراب (ghuraab) – meaning “crow.”
3. Makhraj of the Tongue (اللسان)
Now, the tongue is where a lot of action happens in Arabic pronunciation. There are many letters that are produced by different parts of the tongue touching different areas of the mouth. Here’s a breakdown:
ق (qaaf): Comes from the very back of the tongue touching the soft palate.
ك (kaaf): Similar to ق, but slightly more forward in the mouth.
ج (jeem), ش (sheen), ي (yaa): These come from the middle of the tongue touching the roof of the mouth.
Some letters come from the side of the tongue:
ض (daad): Known as the “hardest letter”, this one comes from one side of the tongue pressing against the upper molars.
And some from the tip of the tongue:
ت (taa), د (daal), ط (taa heavy): These letters come from the tip of the tongue pressing against the upper front teeth.
Example: قَمر (qamar) – meaning “moon.”
There are a total of 18 tongue letters in the Arabic language. In order to get reward for reading the Quran we should articulate our letters in the correct way. Learning the articulation points is important in correctly pronouncing the makhraj of the letters.
They are as follows:
ت ث د ذ ر ز س ص ط ظ ن ج ش ي ق ك ض ل
These 18 letters are known as the tongue letters in Arabic which are pronounced from different parts of the tongue.
ت ث د ذ ر ز س ص ط ظ ن ل
These 12 letters are pronounced from the tip of the tongue. This means that the head of the tongue should touch the edge of the front two teeth or just behind them.
ج ش ي
The exit point for these 3 letters is from the middle part of the tongue
ق ك
These 2 letters are pronounced from the back part of the tongue.
ض
The exit point of this letter is from the middle part of the tongue. To say the letters correctly, the side of the tongue should touch the upper teeth.
They are as follows:
ت ث د ذ ر ز س ص ط ظ ن ج ش ي ق ك ض ل
These 18 letters are known as the tongue letters in Arabic which are pronounced from different parts of the tongue.
ت ث د ذ ر ز س ص ط ظ ن ل
These 12 letters are pronounced from the tip of the tongue. This means that the head of the tongue should touch the edge of the front two teeth or just behind them.
ج ش ي
The exit point for these 3 letters is from the middle part of the tongue
ق ك
These 2 letters are pronounced from the back part of the tongue.
ض
The exit point of this letter is from the middle part of the tongue. To say the letters correctly, the side of the tongue should touch the upper teeth.
4. Al-Jawf (الجوف) – (The Empty Space in the Mouth and Throat)
This makhraj is located in the empty space in the mouth and throat. Sounds that come from this place flow without stopping at any particular organ. The letters here are the mad letters (حروف المد):
Alif (ا) – as in “قال” (qaala – he said).
Waw (و) – as in “يصوم” (yasooum – he fasts).
Yaa (ي) – as in “نستعين” (nasta’een – we seek help).
This makhraj is located in the empty space in the mouth and throat. Sounds that come from this place flow without stopping at any particular organ. The letters here are the mad letters (حروف المد):
Alif (ا) – as in “قال” (qaala – he said).
Waw (و) – as in “يصوم” (yasooum – he fasts).
Yaa (ي) – as in “نستعين” (nasta’een – we seek help).
5. Makhraj of the Nasal Cavity (الخيشوم)
There is one sound in Arabic that comes from the nasal cavity: the ghunna. This is the nasal sound that you hear in letters like ن (noon) and م (meem) when they are followed by certain other letters
The nasal cavity, known as Al-Khayshoom (الخيشوم) in Arabic, is the point of articulation for the nasal sound known as Ghunnah. It's the 17th and last makhraj (point of articulation) in the study of Arabic letters. Ghunnah is a characteristic sound produced when pronouncing the letters Noon (ن) and Meem (م), especially when they have a Shaddah (ّ).
Here's a more detailed explanation:
Location:
The nasal cavity is the passage that connects the mouth to the nose.
Ghunnah:
Ghunnah is a nasal sound that doesn't involve the tongue. It is a quality or characteristic of the letters Noon (ن) and Meem (م) when they are emphasized or have a Shaddah.
No tongue involvement:
The tongue is not used to produce the Ghunnah sound; it originates from the nasal passage.
Importance:
Understanding the makhraj of Al-Khayshoom and the Ghunnah is crucial for proper Tajweed (Quranic recitation) as it affects the pronunciation of Noon and Meem in various situations.
How to identify:
To understand the Ghunnah, try pronouncing Noon or Meem with a Shaddah while pinching your nose. You'll notice the sound changes because the nasal passage is blocked.
How to Determine the Makhraj of a Letter
There’s a simple method to find out where a letter comes from. Here’s what you can do:
Silence the letter: Say the letter without any vowels. For example, for the letter “ب” (b), say “بْ”.
Add a Hamzat Wasl (همزة وصل): This is a temporary vowel that helps in pronunciation. So you’d add “أ” in front of “ب”, making it “اب”.
Move the hamza: Give the hamza any vowel (fatha, kasra, or damma). For example, “أبْ” (ab).
Listen for the sound: Where the sound stops, that’s the makhraj. In this case, you will notice that the sound is coming from the lips. So, we can say that the makhraj of “ب” is the lips.
Why Learning Makharij Matters?
You may ask, why is learning the makharij of Arabic letters so important? The answer is simple: pronunciation is key to understanding and being understood.
Imagine trying to say “قال” (qaal), which means “he said,” but pronouncing the ق (qaaf) like ك (kaaf). It would change the meaning entirely to “كال” (kaal), which means “he measured.” Small mistakes can change the entire meaning of a word.
Understanding Makhraj vs. Sifaat al Horoof
It’s important to understand that the makhraj is different from sifaat (صفات), or the characteristics of the letters. While the makhraj refers to where the sound is produced, sifaat refers to how the sound is produced.
For example, the letter “ص” (saad) has a strong, emphatic sound, while “س” (seen) has a softer, more delicate sound. Both letters come from the same makhraj, but their sifaat are different.
By mastering both the makharij and the sifaat, you will have complete control over your pronunciation and will be able to speak Arabic fluently and correctly.
Conclusion
Understanding Makhraj Al-Huruf, or the articulation points of Arabic letters, is essential for non-native learners aiming to speak Arabic correctly. Each letter has a specific makhraj that indicates where in the mouth, throat, or nasal passages the sound is produced, such as “ع” (ʿayn) from the throat and “ب” (baa) from the lips.
There are 17 distinct makharij categorized into five areas: the lips, throat, tongue, the empty space in the mouth and throat, and the nasal cavity. Mastery of these points is crucial for proper pronunciation, especially when reciting the Quran or practicing tajweed.
This brings us to the end of the TOPIC "MAKHARIJ HURUF"
I pray to Allah to accept it from us and make it easy for you to understand
TAJWEED COURSE LECTURE NOTES. LECTURE 4- AL ISTIADHA AND BASMALAH PART 3
BASMALA
Is basmala a verse in the Quran?
Yes it is a verse in suurah NAMLI(Chapter 27:30)
An-Naml 27:30
إِنَّهُۥ مِن سُلَيۡمَٰنَ وَإِنَّهُۥ بِسۡمِ ٱللَّهِ ٱلرَّحۡمَٰنِ ٱلرَّحِيمِ
English - Sahih International
Indeed, it is from Solomon, and indeed, it is [i.e., reads]: 'In the name of Allāh, the Entirely Merciful, the Especially Merciful,
Is BASMALA a verse in each and every Surah?
But the scjolars have differed as to whether it (BASMALA) is an Ayah in Suratul Fatih or not.
As for those who hold the view that it is the first verse of Suratul Faatih in which majority if them are from Makka and Kuufa, so they add Al-Fatihah 1:7 (صِرَٰطَ ٱلَّذِينَ أَنۡعَمۡتَ عَلَيۡهِمۡ ) as part of the seventh verse and they do not cout it as a separate verse on its own.
As for those who hold the view that BASMALA is not an Aya in suratul Fatih, in which majority of them are from Madina and Basra, they count (صِرَٰطَ ٱلَّذِينَ أَنۡعَمۡتَ عَلَيۡهِمۡ as a separte Ayah, making it 7 verse.
Note: the famous scholars who hold the first view are Imam Shafia and Imaam Hambal
As for the second view, it is held by Imaam Abu Hanifa with a very strong view with an authentic Hadith from Abu Huraira from the prophet were he said, Allah has divided prayer between him and his servant.
What's the ruling of saying the Basmala when starting recitation?
- When starting the recitation at the beginning of the surah
- When starting at the middle of a surah
- When combining two surahs
When starting the recitation at the beginning of the surah
When starting at the middle of a surah
When combining two surahs
FIRST WAY
SECOND WAY
THIRD WAY
NOTE:
1. The reader cannot finishing reading the last surah and then read al-basmalah in one breath, then stop and then start the next surah. This is because al-basmalah is said at the beginning of the surah and not at the end.
2. The above mentioned 3 ways are permissible for ending the
recitation of one surah and beginning another, whether the two surahs are consequent such as surat Al-Imran followed by Surat An-Nisa, or not consequent such as Surat Al-Fatiha and then reading surat Yasin.
3. If the two surahs being read are not in order such as reading Surat Al-Mulk and then Surah Yasin , then only two ways are allowed: Cutting all three off each other and joining al-
basmalah with the beginning of the next surah.
4. As for Surat At-Taubh, the following applies:If the the surah that has been read is before surat At- Taubah then the reader wants to read Surat At-Taubh, one of the following ways should be adopted:
First Way: To stop t the end of the last surah before Surat At-Taubh, then take a breath with the intention of continuing the recitation. Then strating with Surat At- Taubh. It is also possible to stop with one of the following methods where applicable: as-sukoon al-madd, ar-rawm or ishmaam (all will be studied later on so don‟t worry about what they are now).
Second Way: As-Sakit : Stop at the end of the last surah for a few seconds without taking a breath, then start Surat At-Taubh. It is also possible to stop with one of the following methods where applicable: as-sukoon al-mahidh, ar- rawm or ishmaam (all will be studied later on so don‟t worry about what they are now).
Third Way: Joining the previous surah with Surat At- Taubh, without a pause and applying the iglb rule between the end of the last surah and the beginning of Surat At- Taubh.
If the the surah that has been read is after surat At- Taubah (according to the order of the surahs in the Quraan) then the reader wants to read Surat At-Taubh, one way applies here. To finish the last surah, then stopping, then start reading Surat At-Taubh, without saying al- basmalah. It is not permissible to join the two surahs no is it to apply the second way mentioned above (as-sakit). If the reader wanted to read Surat At-Taubh, a number of times then he should not join it with its beginning nor should he apply as-sakit.
ISTI'ADHA
Notes On Isti'adha
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